Background
Pharmacy is the art and science of preparing and dispensing medications and the provision of drug and related information to the public. Pharmacy is basically a knowledge system which renders a health service by concerning itself with understanding drugs and their effects. It is the profession responsible for the appropriate use of medications, devices and services in order to achieve optimal therapeutic outcomes. A pharmacist, then, is one who is educated and licensed to dispense drugs and to provide drug information- an expert on drugs.
The pharmacist’s intimate knowledge of drug actions, drug therapy, dosage form design and utilization, avail pharmaceutical products, and drug information sources makes him or her vital member of the health care team. The pharmacist is entrusted with the legal responsibility for the procurement, storage, control and distribution of effective pharmaceutical products and for the compounding and filling of prescription orders. Utilizing extensive training and knowledge, the pharmacist serves the patient as an advisor on drugs and encourages their safe and proper utilization. The pharmacist delivers pharmaceutical services in a variety of community and institutional health care environments and effectively utilizes recordkeeping and monitoring techniques in safeguarding the public health.
The purpose of introducing Bachelor of Pharmacy (Honors) curriculum in Varendra University is to introduce beginning pharmacy students to the technologic and scientific principles underlying the preparation of dosage forms and drug delivery systems and to their use in patient care. Through an integrated course curriculum students will gain an understanding of the interrelationships between physical pharmacy principles, biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics, dosage form design, product formulation, small- and large-scale product manufacture, and the clinical application of pharmaceuticals in patient care.
Mission and Goal
The subject of globalization and its impact nationally and internationally have generated an intense academic interest and have already produced an enormous amount of literature. Globalization offers both opportunities and challenges. It is contended that Bangladesh with its weak economy and only a few exportable cannot find many advantages to be harnessed from globalization. Especially the growth in pharmaceutical industry is very promising. About 280 pharmaceutical companies are engaged in manufacturing medicines in Bangladesh. Some of the leading companies are exporting pharmaceutical dosage forms to about 87 countries. These industries follow good manufacturing practice (GMP) guidelines by WHO. Bangladesh is also seriously in the way of meeting legal procedures to export drugs to Europe and the USA along with the Asian and African countries.
The professional opportunities and scopes that have been created for the pharmacy graduates in this context are enormous. Pharmacists working for pharmaceutical research, manufacturing, and distribution firms become involved in virtually every phase of drug product development, clinical testing, production, marketing, and management functions. Their knowledge of the basic and pharmaceutical sciences, dosage form design, and the technical aspects of production fits well with this major function of industrial pharmacy firms. Pharmacists with advanced degrees in the basic or pharmaceutical sciences, or in other areas of health care administration, marketing, law, or medicine contribute to their industrial employers in their respective areas of expertise.
In addition to the areas of drug research, product development , and production, many pharmacists in industry work in such varied areas as drug materials procurement; in public, trade, or professional relations; as scientific, technical, or professional information specialists; in liaison work with governmental agencies, educational or research institutions, or professional organizations; or in marketing, advertising, promotion, or pharmaceutical sales.
In government service, pharmacists perform professional and administrative functions, as in the development and implementation of health care programs in the design and enforcement of regulations involving drug quality standards, good manufacturing practices, and drug distribution and utilization practices. Pharmacists also practice their profession in government supported hospitals, clinics, and specialized health care institutions.
The Varendra University with its quality and vision can help producing competent pharmacy graduates who will definitely contribute towards the nation building by participating in the pharmaceutical industry for the production and marketing of quality medicine.
Course Structure
A 4-year (8 semesters) Pharmacy undergraduate programme has been designed including topics of recent trends in this field. The principal objectives of this curriculum are-
1) To impart scientific knowledge for the identification, formulations, preparation, standardization, quality control and uses of drugs, medicines and effective management of their distribution and sale.
2) To produce a skilled manpower to manage the affairs of hospital pharmacies, pharmaceutical industries, community pharmacy services, drug administration and other organizations in drug research, marketing, sales and administration.
3) To encourage research on different fields of pharmacy so as to develop newer techniques of formulation, quality control and standardization of drugs.
The core courses of the curriculum consist of the following subjects:
[N.B.: The course curriculum for B. Pharm (Honors) can be revised at any time to meet the global demand. The revised curriculum will be submitted to the competent authority, if required as per Private University Act.]
Academic System & Evaluation Method
1. Award of Degree
Varendra University will award B. Pharm (Honors) degree to the students completing the required credits with a minimum CGPA (Cumulative Grade Point Average) of 2.50 on a scale of 4.00. Required credits for B. Pharm degree is 152 credits as per the standard of International and Bangladesh Pharmacy Council.
2.Duration of a Semester
The Pharmacy program consists of 8 (eight) semesters for B. Pharm spreading over four academic years. Duration of each semester is 24 working weeks, which may be divided into classes, preparatory leave and semester final examinations as follows:
Working weeks | |
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i. Classes both Theoretical and Lab | 18 weeks |
ii. Preparatory leave and semester final examination | 6 weeks |
Total = |
24 weeks |
Apart from the 24 working weeks, the university remains open for clearance/ improvement/ carryover examinations, finalization of results, and admission of students.
3.Admission
There are two semesters in every year (Summer and Spring). Admission for 1st year, 1st semester is open in every semester. Notice for admission in B. Pharm will be published in different national dailies.
4.Admission Requirement
Students seeking admission to pursue the course for the degree of Bachelor of Pharmacy should have passed both the SSC & HSC with at least second division or total CGPA 6.5(Individually at least 2.5) from Science group and must have Chemistry and Biology. Besides, students who have passed 5 subjects in ‘O’ level and 2 subjects in ‘A’ level from science background must have Chemistry and Biology in both ‘A’ & ‘O’ level for admission in B.Pharm program.
5. Academic Standards
In keeping with the mission and goals in mind, the Undergraduate programme in Pharmacy will strive to ensure high academic standards by implementing well-designed curricula, carefully selecting high quality students and faculty, utilizing modern and effective instructional methods and aides, and by continuously monitoring and rigorously evaluating all the pertinent activities and systems. A special feature of teaching will be the tutorial / workshop sessions designed to assist students in learning application of the concepts and theories.
6.Examination, Evaluation and Grading
a) Continuous assessment (Attendance, class performance, quizzes and/or assignments etc)
b) Semester final examination,
c) Clearance examination (for clearance of the course(s) not passed in the current semester or in the previous semester(s), if any.
d) Improvement examination, if any.
The performance of a student in a Lab course will be based on attendance, class performance, practical examinations, etc.
The grading process will undoubtedly be transparent. The performance of the students is evaluated throughout the semester through class tests, quizzes, assignments, and midterm exams. End of semester evaluation includes final examinations, term papers, project reports etc. Numerical scores earned by a student in tests, examinations, assignments etc. are cumulated and converted to letter grades
Calculation of Grade Point Average (GPA) can be explained as follows:
Numerical Grade | Letter Grade | Grade Point |
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80% or above | A+ | 4.00 |
75% to less than 80% | A | 3.75 |
70% to less than 75% | A- | 3.50 |
65% to less than 70% | B+ | 3.25 |
60% to less than 65% | B | 3.00 |
55% to less than 60% | B- | 2.75 |
50% to less than 55% | C+ | 2.50 |
45% to less than 50% | C | 2.25 |
40% to less than 45% | C- | 2.00 |
Less than 40% | F | 0.00 |
Suppose a student has completed five courses in a semester and obtained the following grades:
Courses | Credits | Grade | Grade Point |
---|---|---|---|
Course 1 | 3 | A+ | 4.00 |
Course 2 | 3 | B | 3.00 |
Course 3 | 3 | A | 3.75 |
Course 4 | 2 | B+ | 3.25 |
Course 5 | 1 | A- | 3.50 |
Then his/ her Grade Point Average (GPA) for the semester will be computed as follows:
GPA = 3(4.00) + 3(3.00) + 3(3.75) + 2(3.25) + 1(3.50)/(3 + 3 + 3 + 2 + 1)= 3.52
Thus, GPA= Sum of (Grade Points x Credits)/ Sum of credits attempted.
The distribution of marks for the performance evaluation is as follows:
Programs | Marks |
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1. Quizzes/ Class Tests/ Assignments/Attendance | 20 |
2. Mid Term Examination | 30 |
3. Final Examination (comprehensive), Projects | 50 |
Total Marks | 100 |
Programs | Marks |
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1. Reports/ Class Tests/ Participation / Viva-Voce | 30 |
2. Experiments | 30 |
3. Final Examination | 40 |
Total Marks | 100 |
Thesis / Project work will be spread over two semesters (7th & 8th). The mark distribution for the Thesis / Project will be as follows:
Programs | Marks |
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1. Viva-Voce (End of each semester)- 1 Credit (30) | 30 |
2. Lab Work (Experiment + Table Viva)- 1 Credit (25+5) | 30 |
3. Project Work (Report + Presentation) -2 Credit (50+10) | 60 |
4. In-plant Training, Report Writing & Presentation- 2 Credit (50+10) | 60 |
iv.Class Attendance:
Class attendance is compulsory for every student. 5% of total marks in every course is allocated for attendance in classes including tutorials and s. The basis for awarding marks for attendance is as follows:
Attendance | Marks |
---|---|
90% and above | 5 |
85% to less than 90% | 4 |
80% to less than 85% | 3 |
75% to less than 80% | 2 |
70% to less than 75% | 1 |
Less than 70% | 0 |
If a student does not attend a minimum of 70% of the total classes including tutorials and s, s/he will not be allowed to take the final exam.
Course Code : BP- 112
Course Title : Organic Pharmacy
Course Credit : 3.00
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a) Aromaticity, Resonanace and Orientation
b) Preparations, Properties, Reactions and Pharmaceutical importances of phenols, Sulfonic acid, Carboxylic acid, Benzylaldehyde and Diazonium compounds.
Recommended Books:
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1. |
Properties of matters: |
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2. |
Solutions: Types and properties of solution, Units of concentration, Ideal and real solutions, Henry’s law and Distribution law, Colligative properties of dilute solutions, Partial coefficient. |
3. |
a. Ionic Equilibrium: Proton theory of acids and bases, Ionization of water, pH, Determination of pH, Titration curves of weak acids and bases, Ionic strength. |
b. Chemical Equilibrium: Law of mass action, criteria of chemical equilibrium, determination of equilibrium constant, application of law of mass action to homogenous and heterogeneous equilibrium. Gibb’s five energy change, Le-Chatelier principle and its application. | |
4. |
a. Thermodynamics: First law of thermodynamics, work, energy and heat, heat change at constant volume and constant pressure, reversible, irreversible, isothermal and adiabatic and spontaneous changes, enthalpy and heat content. |
b. Thermochemistry: Heat of reaction and Hess’s law of constant heat summation. | |
Recommended Books:
Course Code : BP- 114
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Recommended Books:
Course Credit : 2.00
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Recommended Books:
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a) Detection of elements
b) Identification of functional groups
c) Determination of melting points.
d) Test of purity
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a) Determination of molecular weight of inorganic salts by chemical method.
b) Determination of heats of solution of simple salts by calorimeter.
c) Determination of heats of solution of sparingly soluble samples in water by measuring solubility as a function of temperature (application of Vants- Hoff equation).
d) Determination of distribution coefficients of benzoic acid between (i) hexane and octane (ii) ether and water.
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1. Study on some medicinal plants
2. Identification of plant leaves- their botanical name, nature and medicinal uses
3. Identification of sugars (glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose, pantose, sucrose etc) by routine tests of organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry-I
Course Code : BP- 120
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Oral assessment will be held on the basis of the courses studied during the semester.
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1. General Properties, Preparation and Uses of Pharmaceutically important elementa and salts -Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium, Iron, Copper, Aluminium, Zinc, iodine, sulfur, boric acid, selenium and cadmium sulfides.
2.Gastrointestinal Agents: Antacids, its preparations and applications (Al and Mg), protective and adsorbents; saline cathartics; their preparations with applications.
3.Pharmaceutical Excipients and Packaging Materials
a) Antioxidants, solvents
b) Pharmaceutically acceptable glass and glasswares, metal containers (Sn, Al, Pb, etc).
4.Radioactive Elements: Radioactivity, types of radiation, storage of radioactive products. Chemistry, properties, uses of some radioactive compounds used in Pharmacy.
5.Topical Agents: Antimicrobial, astringents and protectives.
6. Environmental Chemistry
a) Environmental pollutants: Gases (SO2, SO3, CO, NO, HCl, NO2 etc.), hydrocarbons, cigarettes, smokes, suspended particulate, pesticides, gasoline and industrial waste, the detrimental effects of pollutants.
b) Heavy metal toxicity: Mercury, arsenic, lead, iron and copper poisoning – prevention and treatment.
Impurities in Medicinal Substances: Source, principles, qualitative and quantitative analysis and test of purity.
Recommended Books:
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1. Reaction Kinetics and stability of pharmaceuticals: Chemical kinetics, drug decomposition, stabilization of medicinal products, accelerated stability testing and catalysis.
2. Phase equilibria: Phase, components and degree of freedom, The phase rule, and its thermodynamic deviation, The phase diagram of water and sulphur systems, Partially miscible liquid pails: The phenol and water, nicotine and water system, Completely miscible liquid pails and their separation by functional distillation, Freeze drying (lypophilization).
3. Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics: Second law of thermodynamics entropy, Gibb’s free energy, third law of thermodynamics.
4.Electrochemistry:
a) Conductance of electrolytes, concept of E. M. F, electrode, various types of electrochemical cells, relation between electrical and chemical energies, oxidation-reduction systems, solutions of electrolytes.
b) Electrode and cell potentials, energies involved in electrode processes; reference electrodes, buffer solutions, measurement of pH, potentiometric titration, concentration cell etc.
5. Surface and interfacial phenomena: Adsorption and interface, Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm, BET equation, electrical properties of interface, electrical double layer, Nernst and Zeta potential, Gibb’s equation, sprhding and surface active agent emulsifier, detergents and antifoaming agents, surfactants and drug activity, surfactants and pharmaceutical products.
6. Rheology: Newtonian and non-Newtonian systems, yield value, plastic, pseudoplastic and dilatant flow, thixotropy. Determination of rheologic properties, viscoelasticity, psychorheology, application in pharmacy. Rheologic property of suspension.
Recommended Books:
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II. Lymph: Composition, function, circulation and function, lymph nodes and lymphatics.
Recommended Books:
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1. Introduction: Historical development, scope of microbiology with special reference to pharmaceutical sciences.
2. Sterilization: Principle of sterilization, classification, factors affecting thermal sterilization, sterilization by heat, gas, radiation and filtration, aseptic technique and sterility testing.
3. Microscopy: Bright field, dark field, fluorescence, phase contrast and electron microscopy. Microscopic examination of microorganisms, wet mount and hanging drop techniques. Microbial staining.
4. Virus: a) General properties, classification and nomenclature, morphology, multiplication and cultivation.
b) Bacteriophage: Morphology and life cycle.
5. Bacteria
a) General characteristics of bacteria.
b) General and cellular morphology – size, shape, fine structures and movement.
c) Cultivation of bacteria: nutritional requirements, factors affecting growth, bacteriological media.
d) Reproduction and growth: Modes of cell division, normal growth cycle, growth curve, synchronous growth and measurement of growth.
e) Pure culture and cultural characteristics: Methods of isolation, maintenance and preservation of pure cultures, colony characteristics and characteristics of broth culture.
6. a) Fungi- morphology, classification, pharmaceutical importance, etc.
b) Brief study of rickettsia and actinomycetes.
7. Microsial Contaminants of Pharma Products.
Definition, factors affecting the Microsial Contamination, Principles of microbiological analysis, Bioassay of Antibiotics, vitamins, Microbial count for Antacids and water.
8. Immunology
Recommended Books:
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Recommended Books:
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1. Preparation of bacterial media
2. Culture of bacteria
3. Identification and characterization of bacteria
4. Staining of bacterial cells and spores
5. Preparation of pure cultures and its identification
6. Bacterial counts
7. Identification and characterization of fungus.
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Oral assessment will be held on the basis of the courses studied during the semester.
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Recommended Books:
Course Code : BP- 212
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Recommended Books:
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1. Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical uses of the following plant constituents:
I. Glycosides and glycoside-containing drugs: Classification and biosynthesis of glycosides.
a) Phenols and phenolic glycosides.
i) Simple phenols: Vanilla and vanillin, capsicum
ii) Tannins: Galls or nutgall, hamamelis.
iii) Anthraquinone glycosides: Cascara sagrada; aloe, senna, rhubarb.
b) Saponins, cardioactive drugs and other steroids.
i) Steroidal saponin: Sarsaparilla root, ginseng, glycerhizia.
ii) Pentocyclic triterpenoid saponin: Liquorice root.
iii) Cardioactive glycosides: Digitalis, strophanthus, squill.
iv) Cyanogenic glycoside: Wild cherry, mustard.
v) Miscellaneous isoterpenoids: Gentain, valerian root, quassia, fish betries, santonica flower, Saffron.
II. Alkaloids:
a) Classification and biosynthesis of tropane, quinoline, isoquinoline and indole alkaloids.
b) Tropane: Belladona, stramonium, hyoscyamus and coca leaf
c) Quinoline: Cinchona, cusparia bark.
d) lsoquinoline: Ipecac, opium, sanguinaria, curare.
e) Indole: Rauwolfia, nux vomica, ergot, catharanthus.
f) Imidazole: Pilocarpine,
g) Steroidal: Veretrum viride, aconite.
h) Norlupinane: Lupinus sp.
i) Purine base: Coffee, tea and cocoa.
III. Volatile oils and related terpenoids: Methods of obtaining volatile oils, chemistry, their medicinal and commercial uses, biosynthesis of some important volatile oil.
a) Terpenes or sesquiterpenes: Turpentine, juniper, cade.
b) Alcohols: Coriander, sandalwood, rose.
c) Esters: Peppermint, lavender, rosemary.
d) Aldehydes: Cinnamon bark, lemon peel, lemon grass.
e) Ketones: Spearmint, caraway; dill, camphor.
f) Phenols: Clove, thyme, cinnamon leaf, ajowan
g) Ethers: Fennel, nutmeg, eucalyptus, anise, cajunut.
h) Peroxides: Chenopodium.
i) Others: Wintergreen, bitter almond.
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Recommended Books:
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1. Nervous system: Properties of nerve, cells, nerve impulses and their transmissions. Reflex action, principal afferent and efferent paths of CNS, Functions of spinal cord and brain, the autonomic nervous system, Properties of synapses and synaptic transmission.
Recommended Books:
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6. Course review.
Recommended Books:
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Oral assessment will be held on the basis of the courses studied during the semester.
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1. Separation Technique:
a) Introduction, principles, procedures and theories of column chromatography and gel filtration techniques, thin layer chromatography, ion exchange chromagraphy methods of detection and applications.
b) HPLC: Introduction theory and principle, instrumentation, characteristics of stationary and mobile phases, reversed phase HPLC and application.
2.Instrumental Methods of Analysis:
a) Absorption spectroscopy: Visible, IR and UV spectroscopy
b) Polarimetry: Introduction, origin of optical rotation, molecular requirements for optical rotatory power, methods used in polarimetry instruction and application.
c) Fluorometry: Introduction, theory and principle of fluoroscence, and chemical structure spectro-photometry, application, factors influencing intensity of fluorescence and application of fluorometry in pharmaceutical analysis.
Recommended Books:
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1. Stereochemistry:
a) Geometric isomerism of alkenes and cyclic compounds. cis trans and (E), (Z) systems of nomenclature.
b) Conformational Isomers, conformation of open chain and cyclic compounds
c) Chirality of molecules, enantiomer, diastereomer, racemic modification, meso compound (R) and (S) configuration, sequence rule and optical rotation.
d) Strereoselective and stereospecific reaction.
e) Pharmaceutical importance of stereochemistry study.
2.Mechanism of Organic Reactions: Baeyer-Villiger and Birch reduction. Clemmensen rcduction. Diels Alder reaction, Eschweiler-Clarke reaction, Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation reaction, Gabriel synthesis Gattermann-Koch and Sandmeyer reaction, Grignard reaction. Hoffman degradation reaction, Mannich reaction, Michael and Meerwin Pondorf-Verley reduction, Oppenauer oxidation. Perkin reaction, Reformatsky reaction, Reimer-Tiemann reaction, Wittig, and Wolf-Kishner reduction.
3.Chemistry of Natural Products:
a) Alkaloids: Occurrence,isolation: Classification and properties of alkaloids, structure determination ,synthesis and physiological activities of ephedrine, nicotine, atropine and morphine.
b) Terponoids: Occurrence, isolation and classification, synthesis of geraniol, citral ionones and amyrin.
A Knowledge of chemistry (Including synthesis) and structure activity relationship of following groups of medicinal substances: Hiypnotics and sedatives, analgesics, anti-histaminics and tranquilizing agents.
Recommended Books:
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5. Pharmaceutical incompatibility
Recommended books:
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Mechanism of drug action: a) Basic concept of drug action. b) Physico-chemical nature of drugs. c) Drug receptors. d) Binding forces in drug-receptor interaction e) Receptor and non receptor mechanisms of drugs. f) Macromolecular nature of drug receptors. g) Relationship between drug concentrations versus response: Concentration-effect curve and receptor binding of agonists, competitive and irreversible antagonism, partial agonists, receptor-effectors coupling and spare receptors, other mechanisms of drug antagonism.
5. Autocoids:
a) Histamines: Mode of action, action on cardiovascular system, smooth muscle, gastric secretion, anaphylactic shock, histamine-releasing drugs, allergic disorder.
b) Antihistamines: Classification, pharmacological, therapeutic uses absorption, distributions, excretion adverse reactions etc.
c) Serotonin and serotonin antagonists: Occurrence, pharmacological action, serotonin antagonist, prostaglandins, prostacyclins and thromboxanes.
d) Prostaglandins
6.Drugs used in haemopioetic system:
(a) Anticoagulants: Heparin, warfarin, dicumarol, Na- and K-oxalates and citrates.
(b) Iron, Folic acid and vitamin B12 (Hematinics).
Recommended Books:
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Recommended books:
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Synthesis of drug & drug intermediates
a) Paracetamol
b) Benzocaine
c) Aspirin
d) Phenacetin
e) PABA (Para amino-benzoic acid )
f) Meta Nitro-benzaldehyde
g) Ethyl para hydroxy-benzoate
h) Para Amino phenol
i) Methylsalicylates.
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Course Code : BP- 229
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Oral assessment will be held on the basis of the courses studied during the semester.
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Recommended Books:
Course Code : BP- 312
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4. Combinatorial chemistry :a) Combinatorial synthesis: Introduction to drug discovery process
b) Library synthesis on resin beads – solid phase chemistry, resin beads, speeding up of peptide synthesis, mix and split library synthesis c) Solution phase, indexed combinatorial libraries, template-based libraries, liquid phase combinatorial synthesis, d) Encoded combinatorial synthesis-encoded requirements. Examples of tagged libraries e) Solid phase library, chemistry of linkers, carboxylic acid linkers, carboxamide linkers, alcohol linkers, amine linkers, traceless linkers, light cleavable linkers, selected solid phase chemistry, f) Analysis of products with different analytical techniques used, IR, solid phase NMR g) Combinatorial chemistry: applications and impact on drug discovery. |
Recommended Books:
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a) Analgesic and antipyretics. (i) Non opoids (NSAID): salicilates and congeners. (ii) Opioids: natural and synthetic.
b) Hypnotic-sedatives: Benzodiazepines, barbiturates, etc.
c) C.N.S. stimulants: Amphetamine, caffeine, strychnine. xanthine derivatives.
2. Psychotropic drugs: Classification, mode of action, SAR, pharmacological actions, indications, toxicities and contraindications of chlorpromazine, benzodiazepam, TCA, MAO inhibitors, SSRIS (Fluxetin) etc.
Recommended Books:
a. Pharmacological Basis of Therapy- Goodman & Gillman
b.Medical Pharmacology- Meyer
c.Medical Pharmacology- Goth
d.Pharmacology and Pharmcotherapeutics- R. S. Satosker
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a) Properties of dispersed systems: Theoretical aspects of suspension, emulsion and colloids, surface characteristics and zeta potential, inter-particle force, crystal growth, wetting, adsorption at solid-liquid interface, surface and interfacial tension, flocculation and coalescence.
b) Suspension: Definition and application, advantage and disadvantages, aggregated and dispersed system, formulation, manufacturing and stability, evaluation, rheological consideration, illustrative examples.
c) Emulsion: Definitions and applications, advantage and disadvantages, theory of emulsion, formation of emulsion, classification of emulsifying agents, HLB values of surface active agents, formulation manufacturing, stability and evaluation, rheological considerations.
Recommended books:
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1. Drying: Definition, importance of drying, terminology, theory & fundamental concepts, periods of drying, constant rate period, falling rate period, critical moisture content. equilibrium moisture content, classification: direct, indirect, radiation, dielectric, batch and continuous, dryers, types of beds: static, moving, fluidized, pneumatic bed systems, different drying equipments(construction, operation, merits, demerits): tray dryer, through-circulation dryer, pneumatic conveying dryer, rotary dryer, spray dryer, tunnel dryer, steam tube rotary dryer, agitated pan dryer, vacuum rotary dryer and freeze dryer, selection of drying equipment, preliminary dryer selection, drying tests, final selection.
2. Filtration: Definition, importance of filtration, difference with expression, sedimentation and drying. Classification of filters, theory of filtration, filter media, filter aids, filter thickeners, different filtration equipment:(construction, operation, merits and demerits) the gravity nutsche, Delpark industrial filter, bag filters, sand filters, plate and frame press, recessed plate filter press, Eimco-Burwell plates and frames, Readco short cycle filter, vertical pressure leaf filter, horizontal plate filter, industrial tubular filter, Rodney Hunt pressure filter, Moore filter, vacu-flow suction leaf filter, string discharge filter, clarifying filters, selection of filtration equipment.
3. Centrifuges: General principles, magnitude of centrifugal force, materials of construction, critical speed, sedimentation centrifuges, filtering centrifugal, centrifuge auxiliaries, drive mechanisms, feed and discharge lines, feed treatment, selection of centrifugal separators.
4. Solid-solid mixing: Importance, fundamentals, batch homogenecity, types of solids-mixing machines: (mixing mechanisms and operations) double cone, twin shell, horizontal drum, double-cone revolving around long axis, ribbon, vertical screw, batch muller, continuous muller, twin rotor. Performance, characteristics, selection of machines.
5. Paste mixing: definition, importance, simple blending, dispersion operations and general equipment design. Standard types of equipment and operations, change-can mixer, change-can mixer with planetary motion, change-can mixer with rotating turntable, troy angular mixer, duplex mixer, stationary -tank mixer, kneader, mullers, three-roll mill, selection of process and mixer.
6. Liquid mixing: Definition, importance, mixing equipment, axial and radial flow impellers, mechanisms, flow patterns, impellers, flat-blade and curved blade turbines, spiral turbines, paddles, gate impellers, anchor impellers, different fixed-mounted and portable positions, shaft lengths, baffled and unbaffled tanks, vortex formation and its control, selection of impeller.
7. Milling: Definition, application and limitations, factors affecting milling operation, mechanisms of size reduction process, methods of size reduction by cutter mill, roller mill, hammer mill, ball mill, vibration mill, edge runner mill, end runner mill, fluid energy mill, hand mill, colloid mill (principle, design, operation and advantages) and selection of a mill.
8. Air conditioning, Refrigeration & Humidity control:
a) Air conditioning: Definition, importance, pharmaceutical application, differences between air conditioner & air cooler, comfort zone, different types of air conditioners, selection of an air conditioner, design of an air conditioned room, pharmaceuticals needing air conditioning.
b) Refrigeration: Definition, pharmaceutical application, refrigerators design, mechanism of cooling, refrigerants, brine selection, pharmaceuticals needing refrigerated storage.
c) Humidity control: Terminology (psychometry, absolute humidity, relative humidity, dew point, humid heat, humid volume, wet bulb temperature and adiabatic saturation temperature), relationship between wet bulb and adiabatic saturation temperatures, humidifier, dehumidifier, uses of psychometric charts, measurement of humidity and applications of humidity control.
9. Safety Methods in Pharmaceutical Industry: Fire protection, Handling of dangerous and toxic chemicals, Waste disposal, Animal handling.
Recommended books:
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Recommended books:
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Recommended books:
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Recommended books:
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Oral assessment will be held on the basis of the courses studied during the semester.
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Recommended Books:
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i. Anti-diabetic drugs:
a) Introduction and classification of diabetes.
b) Hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia.
c) Introduction, classification, chemistry, mode of action, structure activity relationship, pharmacokinetics, indications, contraindications, dose, adverse effects and drug interaction of the following individual class of drugs: Oral hypoglycemic agents: (i) Sulfonylureas (ii) Biguanides. Hormone preparation: insulin, Management of diabetes mellitus. (iii) Incretin Based drugs (Sitaptin).
ii. Thyroid and anti-thyroid drugs.
iii. Estrogenes and progestion.
iv. Adrenocortical steroid and their synthetic analog.
iv. Agent causing calcification and bone turnover.
2. Enzymes in therapy: General properties of enzymes and their mode of actions, activators, inhibitors and cofactors, enzymatic basis of drug action. Enzymes of pharmaceutical importance, their production, preparation, formation, use and assay methods.
3. Anticancer agents:
a) Alkylating agents: Nitrogen mustard, alkyl sulphonates and nitrosoureas.
b) Anti-metabolites: (i) Folic acid analog (ii) Pyrimidine analog (iii) Purine analog and related inhibitors.
c) Natural products: (i) Vinca alkaloids (ii) Antibiotics (iii) Miscellaneous agents (metal complexes, radioisotopes, hormones, etc.)
4.Pharmacological Studies of Various Groups of Drugs:
i. Drugs used in the treatment of tuberculosis: (a) Chemotherapeutics: INH, para-aminosalicylic acid, ethambutol, pyrazinamide, etc. (b) Antibiotics: gentamicin, rifampicin, streptomycin, etc.
ii. Antidiarrhoeal agents: ORS, tetracycline, streptomycin, sulfonamide, loperamide and anti-spasmodic drugs, etc.
iii. Anti-fertility drugs: Oral contraceptives, mechanical barriers, implants, foams, etc.
iv. Drugs used in Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
v. Drug affecting uterine motility: Oxytocin, prostaglandin, ergot alkaloid.
Recommended books:
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1.Powder dosage form:
2.Formulation & Manufacturing of tablets: Manufacturing of tablets by wet granulation, dry granulation & direct compression. Granulation of powders for tableting. Advantages and disadvantages of different processes, processes and machineries used in tablet manufacturing.
3.Common tableting problems and Evaluation of tablets: Hardness measurement, weight variation tests, thickness and diameter, friability, disintegration time, dissolution time, mechanism of tablet disintegration and dissolution. In-process quality control, study of common tableting problems.
4.Tablet coating: Definitions and classification of coating methods, advantages and disadvantages of coated tablets. Different methods of coating: Sugar coating: different stages of sugar coating, problems of sugar coating. Film coating: Theory of film coating, film formers, plasticizer, solvents. Enteric coating: Enteric coating polymers, formulations of enteric coating. Dry coating (compression coating). Comparison between sugar coating and film coating. Aqueous film coating techniques. Modern film coating materials and coating formulations. Problems of organic and aqueous film coating. Coating machines: Conventional coating machines, perforated coating machines, fluidized coating machines.
5.Hard gelatin capsules: Definition and classification, advantages and limitations of capsule dosage form, gelatin and its manufacture, manufacture of hard capsule shells, properties of capsules, formulation of capsules, capsule filling machines, tooling and accessories. Problems in capsule manufacturing, quality control methods of capsules, packaging of capsules.
6. Soft gelatin capsules: Definitions and classifications, advantages and limitations, properties, formulation, manufacturing, quality control and packaging of soft capsules. Problems and remedy of soft capsule manufacturing.
7.Microencapsulation technology: Purpose, methods of preparation, evaluation, pharmaceutical and biological applications of microencapsulation process.
Recommended books:
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1. Introduction to pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics.
2. Gastrointestinal absorption of drugs:
a) Biological Consideration: Membrane physiology, gastrointestinal physiology, mechanism of absorption etc.
b) Physicochemical Consideration: pka and gastrointestinal absorption, pH-partition theory and other physicochemical factors.
c) Dosage form consideration: Role of different dosage form like solution, suspension tablet, capsule, emulsion etc. on gastrointestinal absorption.
d) Disintegration and dissolution of drugs.
3. Distribution of drugs:
a) Important Pharmacokinetic Parameters: Biological half-life, apparent volume of distribution, area under the curve, absorption and elimination rate constant etc.
b) Interpretation of drug-plasma level curve.
c) Drug-Protein Interaction: Theoretical aspect of protein-drug interaction, methods used for protein binding, identification of drug binding sites, kinetics of protein binding, determination of bindings sites and association constant, factors affecting protein binding, effects of protein binding on drug distribution, elimination and pharmacological effects of drugs.
4. Drug clearance:
a) Theoretical aspects of drug elimination, excretion and biotransformation.
b) Renal Elimination: Glomerular filtration, active tubular secretion, tubular reabsorption. Determination of renal clearance.
c) Biotransformation of Drugs: Definition, drug biotransformation reactions, pharmacokinetics of drugs and metabolites (Michelis-Menten equation), hepatic elimination, first pass effect, liver excretion ratio, relation between absolute bio-availability and liver excretion, hepatic clearance- relationship between blood flow, intrinsic clearance and hepatic clearance, hepatic clearance of a protein bound drug (effect of protein binding on hepatic clearance).
d) Biliary excretion of drug.
5. Bio-availability and Bio-equivalence: Definitions of different parameters relative to bio-availability, purpose of bio-availability, relative and absolute to bio-availability, methods of assaying bio-availability, criteria for bio-equivalence studies.
6. Drug product selection on the basis of bio-availability testing.
Recommended books:
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1. Introduction: Importance of pharmaceutical analysis in the quality control of drugs, sources of quality variation, control of quality variation. Set up of a quality control oratory for pharmaceutical analysis, personnel, equipment, environments, etc. Types of specifications, testing program and methods.
2. In Process quality assurance method: Concept of quality assurance, selection and testing of major raw materials input. Methods of drug sampling, statistical quality control of major categories of dosage forms, QA activities, Basic concept of cGMP, ISO-9000, ISO-9001, TQM, SOP.
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4. Pharmaceutical validation concept: Validating process and equipment, advantages of validation.
5. Management of quality assurance: Quality management consideration, quality motivation, total quality management.
6. International standard organization and BSTI (DA) policies for quality in pharmaceutical industries.
7. Concept of statistical quality control: Normal frequency distribution, Q.C. charts, sampling and sampling plan, binomial distribution, tests of significance, consumer acceptance testing, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and experimental design, bio-availability and crossover design, regression correlation, Wilcoxon rank sum test.
8. Quality of packaging materials.
9. Quality of analytical methodologies, automated continuous system for assay procedure, associated activities.
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Preparation, problems encountered during preparation, physical evaluation of different dosage forms;
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Oral assessment will be held on the basis of the courses studied during the semester.
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1.Drug design and Discovery:
a) Sources of drugs, cost and place of development of drugs, search for new drugs, genesis of drugs.
b) Antihypertensive drugs, b-blocker, H2-blockers, semi-synthetic penicillins, quinolone derivatives and anti-diabetic drugs.
c) Role of biological half life (t½), metabolism of drug, as drug design.
2. Chemistry, uses and SAR of the following drugs:
3. Biosynthetic pathway of the following natural products:
a) Alkaloids
b) Terpenoids
c) Flavonoids and
d) Vitamins
Recommended Books:
1) Organic Chemistry- Morrison and Boyd
2) Organic Chemistry (Vol I and II)- Finar
3) Organic Chemistry- Feiser and Feiser
4) A Textbook of Medicinal Chemistry- Wilson and Gisvold
5) Medicinal Chemistry- Burger
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1.Compartmental Analysis: Introduction:
a) One compartment open model, determination of plasma concentration from one compartment open model, calculation of apparent volume of distribution, calculation of K from urinary excretion data.
b) Multiple-Compartment models: i) Two compartment open model, method of residuals, apparent volumes of distributions, drug in tissue compartment, elimination rate constant ii) Three compartment open model: method of residuals, determination of area under curve, apparent volumes of distribution, elimination rate constant.
2.Pharmacokinetics of drug absorption: Zero order absorption model, first order absorption model determination of absorption rate constants from oral absorption data: method of residuals Wagner Nelson method, determination of ka from two comportment oral absorption data, Loo Riegelman method.
3.Multiple dosage regimens (MDR): Drug accumulation, repetitive intravenous injection, multiple oral dosage regimens, loading dose and determination of bioavailability and bio-equivalency from MDR.
4.Intravenous infusion: One compartment model drugs, two compartment model drugs, infusion plus loading dose.
5.Dosage adjustment in renal disease:
a) Pharmacokinetic considerations, general approaches for dose adjustment in renal disease, dose adjustment based on drug clearance, method based on changes in the elimination rate constant, measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GER), calculation of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine concentration. Dose adjustment based on monogram. Giusti Hayton method, Wagner method.
b) Extracorporeal removal of drugs, dialysis.
7.Non-compartmental analysis, physiologic-pharmacokinetic model, statistical moment, mean residence time etc.
8.Relationship between pharmacokinetic and therapeutic responses.
Recommended books:
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Pharmacy Practice in Bangladesh:
a) Scope, opportunities in the government and the armed forces
b) Drug administration and Pharmacy Council of Bangladesh, their score and functions
c) Regulations and laws governing the practices of pharmacy (The Pharmacy ordinance 1976)
d) Policies, sales, regulation and laws concerning to the manufacture, possession, distribution, sale of drugs and poisons: The Drug Policy 1982, Essential Drug List, The Drug act 1940, The Drug (control) ordinance 1982, The narcotics (Control) act 19990, The Poisons Act 1919 and related amendments
Recommended books:
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Molecular Biology:
a) Replication: DNA replication, DNA polymerases, types of DNA replication, and inhibitors of replication.
b) Transcription: RNA synthesis and mRNA processing (post-transnational modification of mRNA, promoters, enhancers and transcriptional factor) in bacteria and yeast, inhibitors of transcription.
c) Genetic code: Characteristic feature of genetic code, Wooble hypothesis with experimental evidence, initiation and termination codon.
d) Translation: Structure of Ribosome, mechanism of translation, (protein synthesis), post-transnational modification, inhibitors of translation.
Techniques in molecular biology: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA sequencing techniques, Southern, Northern and Western blotting. agarose gel electrophoresis, sds- PAGE TR-PCR, Invitro kinase assay Real time PCR, Reverse Transcriptase.
5. Genetic engineering: Joining of DNA molecules, cohesive and blunt end joining, and addition of linker, adapters and homopolymers. Method of construction of gene bank and screening procedures of a gene bank for desired genes, cDNA library construction.
6. Cloning of a particular fragment of gene in different vector, expression in the recombinant DNA molecules.
Biotechnology:
1. General introduction: Definition and historical perspective, Scope, Potential and Achievements, Pharmacist and biotechnology, Biotechnology and industry; GMP compliance and Biopharmaceutical facilities, Biotechnology and Biodiversity.
2. Fermentation: General consideration: Introduction and Historical perspectives; The Fermentation process and Optimisation; Improvement of microbial strain- Mutations, Recombination, Protoplast fusion; Fermenters: Structure, size, culture vessel, agitation systems, process monitoring and control, cleaning and sterilisation; Types of fermenters (Bioreactors), fermenter designs.
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Books Recommended:
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Evaluation of drugs and drug products (pharmacokinetics), measurement of viscosity of emulsion; quality control of sterile medicaments such as ophthalmic solution.
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A project work will be given to the students by the teachers of the department and a dissertation should be submitted to the respective teacher and give a talk/presentation after completing the project. The report will be evaluated by the examiners of related field.
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Oral assessment will be held on the basis of the courses studied during the semester.
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a) Introduction: Goals, minimum standards, abilities required for a hospital pharmacist. Hospital as an organization, classification, organizational patterns, management and administration, different departments and services, role of a pharmacist in the hospital. Hospital pharmacy, organizational and personnel, supportive personnel, pharmacy education, job descriptions.
b) Pharmacy and Therapeutics committee: Description and purpose, membership and functions. Hospital formulary, guiding principles, legal basis, principles for admission or deletion of drugs, selection of text.
c) Investigational use of drugs: Description, principles involved, classification, control, identification, role of hospital pharmacist, advisory committee.
d) Purchasing and Inventory control: Purchasing agent, purchasing procedure, control on purchases, storage, perishable inventory, physical inventory, perpetual inventory.
e) Control of special classes of drugs: Use of samples, in-patient drug orders, out-patient prescriptions, ward stock drugs, el symbols. Narcotics and their control, classes, procurement and execution of order forms, dispensing, hospital narcotic regulations, new systems. Floor stock drugs, selection, charge and non-charge, labeling, regulations concerning narcotics, inspection of nursing drug cabinets.
f) Dispensing to In and Out patients: Drug distribution systems, dispensing of charge, non- floor stock drugs, mobile dispensing unit, unit dose dispensing, new concepts. Dispensing to Out patients, locality of out-patient dispensing area, dispensing routine, record keeping. Dispensing during off-hours, use of nursing supervisors, emergency boxes and night drug cabinets, pharmacist-on-call. Drug charges in hospitals, pricing, break- even point pricing.
g) Manufacturing-bulk and Sterile: Control and budget, manufacturing facility and capacity, operating costs, quality control.
h) Drug information centre and Library: Physical facilities, selection of contents, methods of dissemination, role in educational and training programs, professional education, internal teaching programs, external teaching programs.
Concept of community health care, health needs of the community, different levels of health care, elements of primary health care. Principles of primary health care: Equitable distribution, community participation, intersectoral coordination, appropriate technology, health manpower, health care delivery at different levels, community pharmacy in dealing with communicable diseases problem, nutritional problems, environmental sanitation problems and indigenous systems of medicine, development of community pharmacy infrastructure, participation of non-governmental voluntary health agencies.
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Clinical Pharmacy:
a) Blood chemistry
b) Hematology
c) Urinalysis
a) Diabetes
b) Essential hypertension,
c) Anaemia
d) AIDS
e) Tuberculosis
f) Peptic ulcer and
g) Veneral diseases: UTI, RTI, etc.
a) Principles, evaluation in animals, determination of LD10, LD50, ED50, therapeutic index, etc.
b) Adverse reactions, causes of adverse reactions, factors affecting side effects of drugs.
c) Drug allergy, tests for prediction of drug allergy.
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Packaging technology: Purpose of packaging, properties of packaging materials, factors influencing choice of package, advantages and disadvantages of different packaging materials, glass and glass containers, metal and metal containers, plastic and plastic containers, films foils and laminates, rubber based materials, closures, tamper resistant packaging, testing and quality assurance of packaging materials, different packaging machines and accessories, organization of packaging line and labeling.
Recommended books:
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Cosmetology:
a) The skin: Introduction, epidermis and keratinizing system, pigmentary system, langerhans cell, dermis, nerves and sense organs, blood vessels, exocrine sweat glands, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, apocrine glands, common disorders of the skin.
b) Skin creams: Introduction, classification of skin creams, cold cream, vanishing creams, emollient cream and lotion.
c) Shaving preparations: Introduction, lather shaving cream, brushes less or non-lathering cream, aerosol shaving foams, after shave preparations.
d) Dental products: Introduction, formulation and manufacture of toothpastes, tooth powder and mouthwash.
e) Hair products: Introduction, shampoos, hair setting lotions, hair tonic and conditioners etc.
f) Brief study on deodorant: Talcum powder, perfume, etc.
g) Lip-products, etc.
Recommended books:
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Recommended Books:
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Preparations of different types of cosmetic products such as skin products (cold cream, vanishing cream and lotions), Saving preparations (lether saving cream and after save preparation), Hair products (shampoos) and their stability testing
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At the end of fourth year, the students will undergo in-plant training program for 4 weeks in Pharmaceutical Industries. After completion of the training program successfully the students will have to submit a report to the department and the report will be evaluated by the examiners of related field. In addition the students will have to present a short seminar.
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Oral assessment will be held on the basis of the courses studied during the semester.