Failure in Institutionalization after Power Transitions in Bangladesh: Problems and Prospects

This paper critically examines the trajectory of state-building in Bangladesh following mass uprisings and power transitions since 1991. It explores how these political upheavals created openings for democratic reforms but repeatedly failed to bring about sustainable institutional change. Despite the initial momentum generated by such transitions, the outcomes often led to a return of prior institutional patterns, weakening democratic practices and governance norms. Using a qualitative research design and the historical institutionalist framework, the study investigates the dynamics among popular mobilizations, elite negotiations, pressure group behaviors, and external influences in shaping post-uprising reform agendas. It places special emphasis on the post-transition evolution of key institutions and governance mechanisms. Areas of analysis include the politicization of institutions, bureaucratic inefficiency, judicial independence, electoral governance, and anti-corruption measures. The findings suggest that while transitional periods offer crucial opportunities for democratic deepening, they often succumb to institutional stagnation, political polarization, and the reassertion of executive dominance. The recurring failure to institutionalize reforms has hindered the long-term democratization process in Bangladesh. The paper argues that sustainable institutional reform in transitional democracies like Bangladesh requires more than mass mobilization. It necessitates a long-term commitment to democratic norms, the rule of law, civic education, and inclusive political dialogue. Strengthening accountability mechanisms and fostering political literacy are essential to building resilient institutions that can uphold democratic functions. By situating Bangladesh within broader comparative contexts, particularly among other Global South nations, the study offers valuable insights into the challenges and possibilities of democratic transition and state-building in post-uprising societies.