Abstract
The global industrial landscape is undergoing rapid transformation as businesses and policymakers seek sustainable solutions to pressing environmental and economic challenges (Awewomom et al., 2024). Throughout history, each Industrial Revolution has experienced several transformative stages, bringing revolutionary changes to the technological landscape, production process, and societal norms, values, and structure (Mollik et al., 2024; Zong & Guan, 2024). Industry 4.0 (I4.0) emphasizes automation and digitalization using major innovative tools such as the Internet of Things (IoT), big data and advanced analytics, cloud computing, 3D printing, machine learning, cybersecurity, augmented reality (AR), and virtual reality (VR). In contrast, Industry 5.0 (I5.0) emerges as a paradigm shift by integrating and transforming these technologies with human-centric approaches, emphasizing suitability and resilience with the collaboration of human and advanced technologies like artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), robotics, and quantum computing (Li & Duan, 2025; Roshid et al., 2025c; Waaje et al., 2025b). Simultaneously, the circular economy (CE) seeks to transform production and consumption patterns by reducing waste and resource depletion (David et al., 2024). The nexus between the I5.0 and CE paradigms provides a unique opportunity for sustainable industrial growth.
