Intermittent Fasting as a Lifestyle Strategy for Diabetes and Heart Health in the United States: A Systematic Review

Diabetes and cardiovascular disease continue to place a heavy burden on communities across the United States, prompting growing interest in sustainable lifestyle approaches that go beyond traditional dieting. Intermittent fasting (IF)—a pattern of cycling between periods of eating and fasting—has emerged as a promising option that feels more like a rhythm of living than a restrictive diet. This systematic review brings together evidence from clinical trials, observational studies, and public health literature to understand how IF may support metabolic and cardiovascular health. Across the studies examined, IF consistently encourages the body to shift from relying on constant glucose intake to using stored fats and ketone bodies, a transition that appears to improve insulin sensitivity, promote gradual weight loss, and support healthier blood pressure and cholesterol levels. These physiological changes may help explain why IF has gained traction among people seeking more flexible, intuitive eating routines. Yet the findings also remind us that IF is not without concerns—its long-term effects are still uncertain, and certain groups, such as older adults or individuals taking glucose-lowering medications, may face added risks. Overall, the evidence suggests that IF can be a meaningful tool for improving metabolic health when thoughtfully tailored and medically guided. As the U.S. confronts rising rates of diabetes and heart disease, IF offers a simple but potentially powerful shift in eating patterns that could complement existing health strategies. Further long-term, diverse, and culturally responsive studies will be essential to fully understand its safety, accessibility, and real-world impact.