Varendra International Journal for Interdisciplinary Research (VIJIR) welcome papers, both theoretical and applied, from all disciplines which are interdisciplinary in nature. This journal shall maintain the international standard and give extra emphasis on action research taking place in the Varendra region of Bangladesh. VIJIR shall encourage researchers to submit their articles focused on new areas and frontiers scholarly studies in the following potential topics include, but are not limited to Engineering, Technology, Pure and Applied Science, Business, Law, Social Science, Arts, History, and Literature. Only original contributions, which are not published in any language-media and are not submitted for publication elsewhere, are accepted for peer review. The language of the journal is English.

General Information

Manuscript Preparation and Format

All manuscripts prepared for Varendra International Journal for Interdisciplinary Research (VIJIR) must be submitted as a single Word File containing the entire manuscript text, including all figures, tables, and reviewer information. Each figure and table should be provided on its own page within the document, with all panels and related legends clearly labeled. The papers should be typed with 1 inch margins (right, left, top, bottom), double-spaced, using Times Roman 12 point font.

The general structure of the paper should be as follows:

Cover Letter: Authors are encouraged to nominate 2-5 referees (with email addresses, phone numbers, and fax numbers).

Cover Page: The cover page should contain the following information: (i) the title; (ii) the name(s) and academic or professional affiliation(s) of the author(s); (iii) the mailing addresses of the author(s); and (iv) e-mail address of the corresponding author.

Title Page:

• Title: The title should be no longer than 150 characters (including spaces) and should avoid abbreviations. A short title with a maximum of 50 characters (excluding spaces) should also be provided.
• Authors: Because of the double-blind review, the authors’ information should not be included in the title page. Please put authors’ information in the Cover Page as instructed before.
• Correspondence: Include the corresponding author's full name, complete address, email address, and phone number.
• Disclosures: All authors must disclose any potential conflicts of interest, including financial, professional, or personal. If there are no conflicts, this should be clearly stated.
• Grant Support: List all grants and other sources of support.

Inside Pages: Inside should contain the following information: (i) the title; (ii) abstract; (iii) keywords; (iv) main text; (v) acknowledgments (if necessary); (vi) references; and (vii) appendix (if necessary).

Abstract: The abstract of the paper should be written in 8-10 lines (around 250 words) summarizing the importance and value of the topic, rationale, aims and objectives, findings, and main methods, and a brief outline of the research results. Avoid nonstandard abbreviations, references, or detailed data.

Key words: 3-5 words or phrases that represent the essence of the paper, in the decreasing order of their importance.

Main Body: Article should be kept limited within 10-15 printed pages. Simultaneous use of tables and graphs (figures) should be avoided. Descriptions, explanations and interpretations should be as precise and concise as possible. Colored graphics are not generally acceptable.

Abbreviations and Acronyms: Abbreviation and acronyms should be defined the first time they appear in the text, even after the have already been defined in the abstract. Do not use abbreviations in the title unless they are unavoidable. As an option, a list of abbreviations used in the manuscript can be provided in alphabetical order.

Peer Review Process

1. Submission of Papers:  All manuscripts must be submitted online through the VJIR website or sent via email to journal@vu.edu.bd.  First-time users must register on the website, which is free but mandatory. For assistance, contact the editorial office at journal@vu.edu.bd. Upon receiving a manuscript submission, the Editorial Office conducts an initial assessment to ensure that the submission meets the journal's scope and formatting requirements.
2. Editorial Screening: The Editor-in-Chief or Associate Editors screen the manuscript to evaluate its suitability for peer review. Manuscripts that meet the journal's criteria are assigned to an Associate Editor for further handling.
3. Assignment of Reviewers: The Associate Editor identifies potential reviewers with consultation with the Editorial Board. Reviewers are selected based on their qualifications, relevant research experience, and absence of conflicts of interest with the authors.
4. Reviewer Invitation: Reviewers are invited to evaluate the manuscript based on its originality, significance, methodology, clarity, and adherence to ethical standards. Reviewers are asked to provide constructive feedback and recommendations for improvement.
5. Peer Review: Reviewers conduct a thorough evaluation of the manuscript and submit their comments, critiques, and recommendations through the journal's online submission system. The peer review process is double-blind, ensuring anonymity for both authors and reviewers. Each of the manuscripts shall be reviewed by two referees. If both of the referees recommend the manuscript for publication without any modification it will be accepted in straight way. If any one or both of the referees accept the paper with minor/major correction, the manuscript shall be sent to the respective author together with the referees’ report for possible correction. After the correction is made the manuscript shall be sent again to the referees and the procedure shall continue until the referees’ recommendations are positive or negative. In case of divided opinion of the referees the manuscript must be sent to the third referee who must be an overseas referee. The decision for the publication of the paper shall be made on the majority basis.
6. Editorial Decision: Based on the feedback received from the reviewers, the Associate Editor makes an editorial decision on the manuscript. Possible decisions include acceptance, minor revisions, major revisions, or rejection. The decision is communicated to the authors along with reviewers' comments.
7. Revision and Resubmission: If revisions are requested, authors are provided with detailed feedback from the reviewers and are given the opportunity to revise their manuscript accordingly. Authors are encouraged to address all reviewers' comments comprehensively.
8. Final Decision: After the authors submit their revised manuscript, the Associate Editor reassesses the manuscript to ensure that all reviewers' concerns have been adequately addressed. A final decision is made regarding acceptance for publication.
9. Proofreading: The manuscripts will be submitted to two referees for review. The authors will receive an unsigned copy of the referees’ reports, if necessary. Once accepted for publication, the corresponding author is encouraged to send the final version of the manuscript in MS Word through e-mail: journal@vu.edu.bd. Rejected manuscripts will not be returned. The galley proof of each successful manuscripts will be send to the corresponding author for the final approval.
10. Publication: Accepted manuscripts are copyedited, formatted, and prepared for publication. Once finalized, the manuscripts are published online on the journal's website and indexed in relevant databases and abstracting services.
11.  Author Notification: Authors are notified of the final decision on their manuscript and provided with information regarding the publication process, including the expected publication date.

Ethical Standards

Varendra International Journal for Interdisciplinary Research (VIJIR) upholds the highest ethical standards in scholarly publishing and expects all parties involved in the publication process—authors, reviewers, editors, and the editorial team—to adhere to the following principles:

1. Integrity and Originality: Authors are expected to submit original work that has not been published previously and is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. Any form of plagiarism, data fabrication, or falsification of research results is unacceptable and constitutes a breach of ethical standards.
2. Authorship and Attribution: All individuals who have made significant contributions to the research and preparation of the manuscript should be listed as authors. Proper attribution must be provided for all sources, including the work of others, data, and ideas, through accurate citation and referencing.
3. Conflicts of Interest: Authors, reviewers, and editors are required to disclose any potential conflicts of interest that could influence their objectivity or bias in the publication process. Conflicts of interest may include financial interests, personal relationships, or affiliations that could affect the integrity of the research or the interpretation of results.
4. Peer Review: The peer review process is conducted with fairness, impartiality, and confidentiality. Reviewers are expected to provide constructive feedback and evaluate manuscripts based on their scholarly merit, relevance, and adherence to ethical standards. Reviewers should disclose any conflicts of interest and maintain confidentiality regarding the content of the manuscript.
5. Editorial Independence: Editors and editorial board members are responsible for maintaining editorial independence and integrity in decision-making processes. Editorial decisions are based solely on the scholarly quality and significance of the manuscript, without influence from personal biases, conflicts of interest, or external pressures.
6. Transparency and Corrections: Authors are encouraged to report any errors or inaccuracies discovered in their published work to the journal's editorial office promptly. Corrections, retractions, or clarifications will be issued as necessary to maintain the integrity and credibility of the scholarly record.
7. Human and Animal Subjects: Authors conducting research involving human subjects or animal experimentation must adhere to ethical guidelines and obtain appropriate approval from institutional review boards or ethics committees. Informed consent must be obtained from participants, and measures should be taken to ensure the welfare and rights of human and animal subjects.
8. Compliance with Regulations: Authors should comply with relevant regulations, laws, and ethical guidelines governing research conduct, data management, and publication practices in their respective disciplines and geographical locations.

Every submitted paper must submit an Ethical Review Report issued by Varendra University.

Copyright and Licensing

Authors submitting their manuscripts to Varendra International Journal for Interdisciplinary Research (VIJIR) agree to abide by these copyright and licensing terms. By publishing their work in VIJIR authors affirm their consent to the journal's copyright and licensing policies, facilitating open access to scholarly research and fostering knowledge dissemination in the academic community. Authors publishing with VIJIR retain the copyright to their work and grant the journal the right to publish and distribute their accepted manuscripts openly. The following copyright and licensing terms apply to all published content:

1. Copyright: Authors retain the copyright to their original work published in the journal. The journal acknowledges the authors' intellectual property rights and does not claim ownership of the content.
2. Licensing: VIJIR is trying to obtain the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license. Authors grant the journal a non-exclusive license to publish their work under this CC BY license. This license allows others to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the work, even commercially, as long as proper attribution is given to the original author(s) and the source is cited appropriately.
3. Attribution: Proper attribution must be provided when reusing or distributing content from the journal. Authors should be credited for their original work, and the journal should be acknowledged as the source of publication.
4. Redistribution: Content published in the journal may be freely redistributed, shared, and reused by individuals and organizations, subject to the terms of the CC BY license.
5. Commercial Use: The CC BY license allows for commercial use of published content, meaning that third parties may use the material for commercial purposes with proper attribution to the original author(s) and the journal.

Open Access Policy

Varendra International Journal for Interdisciplinary Research (VIJIR) is committed to promoting open access to scholarly research in the field of sustainable urban governance and political science. As part of its dedication to academic transparency, accessibility, and knowledge dissemination, the journal operates under an open access model.

Funded by the Center for Interdisciplinary Research at Varendra University, the journal provides unrestricted access to all published content, free of charge, to readers worldwide. Authors retain the copyright to their work and grant the journal the right to publish and distribute their accepted manuscripts openly.

This open access policy ensures that research published in the journal is readily accessible to researchers, policymakers, practitioners, and the general public, fostering greater visibility, citation impact, and knowledge exchange within the academic community and beyond.

By removing barriers to access, Varendra International Journal for Interdisciplinary Research (VIJIR) aims to democratize knowledge and contribute to the advancement of scholarship and informed decision-making in the following potential topics include, but are not limited to Engineering, Technology, Pure and Applied Science, Business, Law, Social Science, Arts, History, and Literature.

Indexing and Abstracting

Varendra International Journal for Interdisciplinary Research (VIJIR) is committed to ensuring the widest possible dissemination of its published content. To enhance the visibility, accessibility, and impact of the journal, it will try its best to be indexed and abstracted in the following databases and abstracting services as soon as possible:

• Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)
• EBSCOhost
• ProQuest
• Google Scholar
• JSTOR
• CrossRef
• WorldCat
• SocINDEX
• PsycINFO

These indexing and abstracting services provide comprehensive coverage of scholarly literature across various disciplines, ensuring that articles published in Varendra International Journal for Interdisciplinary Research (VIJIR) are discoverable by researchers, academics, policymakers, and practitioners worldwide. Additionally, the journal actively seeks inclusion in additional databases and directories to expand its reach and impact in the academic community.

The current issue of VIJIR shall contain three sections. Each section should follow the standard template of its own discipline. The general guideline has been already described. Additional guideline for specific sections are described below.

Section: Arts & Social Science

Contents

The contents of the article shall be structured as follows:

Introduction: Introduction should outline the background for finding the scopes and rationality of the topic, describe the specific problems to settle specific research questions and objectives

Aim/Objectives: Settle one or more specific objectives.

Literature Review: Earlier studies related to the topic should be discussed and present the research gap.

Material and Methods: This section includes research approach, data source, sampling design, theoretical models/empirical models, analysis techniques.

Results and Discussion: The main results should be presented in an organized way to outline the answers of the earlier settled research questions, discuss the results and compare with earlier related studies.

Conclusion and Policy Implication: Briefly conclude with main findings and recommend appropriate policies as per main findings.

In-text Citations

• Single Author: You only need the author's last name comma year in parentheses. For example, cite in this way (Abrams, 2018).
• Two Authors: Connect both authors' last names with & (ampersand) comma and the year. For example, cite in this way (Wegener & Petty, 1994).
• Three or More Authors: If there are three or more authors, use et al., which means "and others," comma and the year after the first author. For example, cite in this way (Harris et al., 2018).
• Group Authors: First time with an abbreviation: (The Centre for Policy Dialogue [CPD], 2019), say, then all subsequent citations: (CPD, 2019).

References

All references of this article shall follow the American Psychological Association (APA) Style.

Section: Business & Law

Business Articles

Contents

In addition to Abstract, the contents of the article shall be structured as follows:

Introduction: In this section the author(s) should introduce the problem, explore importance of the problem, describe relevant scholarship, and state hypotheses and their correspondence to research design. The author(s) try to explain the importance of the research problem, related to previous work in the area, the difference between present study and previous studies, primary and secondary hypotheses and objectives of the study, the relation between hypotheses and research design, theoretical and practical implications of the study etc. Literature review is an essential part of this section. The author(s) should demonstrate the logical continuity between previous and present work and develop the problem with enough breadth and clarity to make it generally understood by as wide a professional audience as possible.

Methods: This section describes in detail how the study was conducted, including conceptual and operational definitions of the variables used in the study, Different types of studies will rely on different methodologies; however, a complete description of the methods used enables the reader to evaluate the appropriateness of your methods and the reliability and the validity of your results, It also permits experienced investigators to replicate the study, If your manuscript is an update of an ongoing or earlier study and the method has been published in detail elsewhere, you may refer the reader to that source and simply give a brief synopsis of the method in this section. The key components of this section are determining Characteristics of the Participants in the study, often known as subjects, Sampling Procedure, Sample Size, Power, Precision, Measures and Covariates, Research Design, Experimental Manipulations or Interventions etc. Be sure that baseline demographic and/or clinical characteristics of each group are provided.

Results: In this section, the author(s) summarize the collected data and the analysis performed on those data relevant to the discourse that is to follow and report the data in sufficient detail to justify conclusions. Mention all relevant results, including those that run counter to expectation; be sure to include small effect sizes (or statistically nonsignificant findings) when theory predicts large (or statistically significant) ones. Do not hide uncomfortable results by omission. Do not include individual scores or raw data with the exception, for example, of single-case designs or illustrative examples. In the spirit of data sharing (encouraged by APA and other professional associations and sometimes required by funding agencies), raw data, including study characteristics and individual effect sizes used in a meta-analysis, can be made available on supplemental online archives. Statistical analysis of data and the reporting of the results of those analyses are fundamental aspects of the conduct of research. Accurate, unbiased, complete, and insightful reporting of the analytic treatment of data (be it quantitative or qualitative) must be a component of all research reports. Report any other analyses performed, including subgroup analyses and adjusted analyses, indicating those that were pre-specified and those that were exploratory (though not necessarily in the level of detail of primary analyses). Consider putting the detailed results of these analyses on the supplemental online archive. Discuss the implications, if any, of the ancillary analyses for statistical error rates. For experimental and quasi-experimental designs, there must be a description of the flow of participants (human, animal, or units such as classrooms or hospital wards) through the study. Present the total number of units recruited into the study and the number of participants assigned to each group. Provide the number of participants who did not complete the experiment or crossed over to other conditions and explain why. Note the number of participants used in the primary analyses. This number might differ from the number who completed the study because participants might not show up for or complete the final measurement. If interventions or experimental manipulations were used, provide evidence on whether they were delivered as intended. In basic experimental research, this might be the results of checks on the manipulation. In applied research, this might be, for example, records and observations of intervention delivery sessions and attendance records. If interventions were studied, detail all important adverse events (events with serious consequences) and/or side effects in each intervention group.

Discussion: After presenting the results, you are in a position to evaluate and interpret their implications, especially with respect to your original hypotheses. Here you will examine, interpret, and qualify the results and draw inferences and conclusions from them. Emphasize any theoretical or practical consequences of the results. Open this section with a clear statement of the support or nonsupport for your original hypotheses, distinguished by primary and secondary hypotheses. If hypotheses were not supported, offer post hoc explanations. Similarities and differences between your results and the work of others should be used to contextualize, confirm, and clarify your conclusions. Do not simply reformulate and repeat points already made; each new statement should contribute to your interpretation and to the reader’s understanding of the problem. Your interpretation of the results should take into account (a) sources of potential bias and other threats to internal validity, (b) the imprecision of measures, (c) the overall number of tests or overlap among tests, (d) the effect sizes observed, and (e) other limitations or weaknesses of the study. If an intervention is involved, discuss whether it was successful and the mechanism by which it was intended to work (causal pathways) and/or alternative mechanisms. Also, discuss barriers to implementing the intervention or manipulation as well as the fidelity with which the intervention or manipulation was implemented in the study, that is, any differences between the manipulation as planned and as implemented. End the Discussion section with a reasoned and justifiable commentary on the importance of your findings. This concluding section may be brief or extensive provided that it is tightly reasoned, self-contained, and not overstated. In this section, you might briefly return to a discussion of why the problem is important (as stated in the introduction); what larger issues, those that transcend the particulars of the subfield, might hinge on the findings; and what propositions are confirmed or disconfirmed by the extrapolation of these findings to such overarching issues.

In-text Citations

Follow the style as given in Arts & Social Science Section.

References

All references of this article shall follow the American Psychological Association (APA) Style.

Law Articles

Contents

In addition to Abstract, the contents of the article shall be structured as follows:

Introduction: Introduction is the first part of the article. It must state the background of the article. The background is a brief description of the importance of the topic and its discussion, a preliminary data should be provided, and the basic theory must be presented. In this part, the legal issues, which will be discussed in the article, must be stated. If the article is the result of a legal research, the research method used to analyze the legal issues should be mentioned.

Sub Title: The Sub Title should be titled corresponding to the legal issue that will be discussed in the respective part. Each sub title should be written in bold without numbering. The discussion in this part should be the result of the analysis of the legal issues as stated in the Introduction section.

Conclusion: Generally, it contains the answers of the legal issues stated in the Introduction section. It must be delivered briefly and clearly corresponding to the points that is found in the analysis.

Bibliography: This section should be placed in the last part of the article and contains all the references used in article. The references must be written in alphabetical orders of the authors names, while the regulation must be written according to the hierarchy of the regulation and the year of the enactment. All references of this article shall follow the American Psychological Association (APA) Style.

Section: Science, ENGINEERING & Technology

Contents

Manuscripts, including references and tables, should be double-spaced. Figures and their legends can be single-spaced if necessary to keep them on the same page. All pages should be numbered. Essentially a scientific journal article consists of five major sections. These are:

Abstract: Follow the guideline described in General Information.

Introduction: Provide a comprehensive background and clearly state the study’s objectives.  The author(s) should present an extensive literature review in this section and give an outline of this article at the end of this section.

Materials and Methods:

• Experimental Techniques: Detail all experimental methods, including sources of data and experimental units. For example, for a medical experiment, use generic names for drugs and substances, and include the manufacturer’s name and city for trademarks.
• Statistical Methods: Clearly describe the statistical approaches used in the study.

Results: Present findings clearly, using tables and figures to enhance understanding. Avoid redundancy by not repeating data in multiple forms (e.g., both in tables and figures). Interpretation of results should generally be reserved for the Discussion section.

Discussion: This section should interpret the results in the context of existing knowledge, without repeating information already presented. Avoid literature reviews in this section. Discuss the study’s strengths, weaknesses, and implications, and suggest areas for future research

Copies of any Permission(s): Authors are responsible for obtaining permissions for any copyrighted material used in the manuscript. Copies of the permissions must be submitted with the manuscript. Additionally, any related articles, published or under preparation, should be disclosed.

Types of Manuscripts

Original Articles: These articles are original contributions, which are not published in any language-media and are not submitted for publication elsewhere. Original articles include randomized control trials (RCTs) related studies, intervention studies, diagnostic tests, outcome studies, etc.

Review Articles: Written by experts or those with extensive research on the topic. Should not exceed 3,000 words and can include up to 90 references. The abstract should be unstructured, and the manuscript should include a section on methodology for data collection and synthesis.

Case Reports: Should be unique and highlight significant diagnostic or therapeutic challenges. Manuscripts should be up to 1,000 words, excluding references and abstract, with up to 10 references and a maximum of 4 authors.

Letter to the Editor: Should be concise, related to previously published articles or viewpoints, and no longer than 500 words with up to 5 references.

Other: Editorials, Guest Editorials, Commentary, and Opinions solicited by the editorial board.

References

List references sequentially as they appear in the text. Use the following style for the Reference section of the manuscript.

Book

Single Author:  Prince, S.J.D. Understanding Deep Learning, Cambridge: MIT Press, 2023.

Two Authors: Ali, M. M. and Imon, A.H.M.R. ANOVA in Fixed Effects Experimental Design Models, Dhaka: University Press Limited, 2024.

Multiple Authors: Hogg, R.V. et al. Introduction to Mathematical Statistics, 8^th Ed., New Jersey: Pearson, 2019.

Editors: Armitage, J.O., and Antman, K.H. (Eds.). High-dose Cancer Therapy: Pharmacology, Hematopoietins, Stem Cells. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1995.

Book Chapter: Degner L.F., and McWilliams, M.E. Challenges in conducting cross-national nursing research. In: Fitzpatrick, J.J., Stevenson, J.S., and Polis, N.S. (Eds.). Nursing Research and its Utilization: International State of the Science. New York: Springer, 1994, pp. 211 – 215.

Monographic Series: Davidoff, R.A. Migraine: Manifestations, Pathogenesis, and Management. Philadelphia, PA: FA Davis; 1995. Contemporary Neurology Series, No 42. 

Online: DiPiro, J.T., Talbert, R.L., Yee, G.C., Matzke, G.R., Wells, B.G., and Posey, L.M. (Eds.). Pharmacotherapy: A Psychophysiology Approach. 9^th Ed., New York: McGraw-Hill; 2014. http://accesspharmacy.mhmedical/com/book/aspx?bookid=689. Accessed September 7, 2024. 

Journal Article

Single Author:  Imon, A. H. M. R. Identifying multiple influential observations in linear regression, Journal of Applied Statistics, 2005: 32(9), pp. 929 – 946.

Two Authors: Al-Asadi, M. A. and Tasdemir, S. Predict the value of football players using FIFA video game data and machine learning techniques, IEEE Access, 2022: 10, pp. 22631–22645.

Multiple Authors: Rajia, S. et al. Effectiveness of microbiological assays as an alternative method to determine the potency of antibiotics: A review, HUJPHARM, 2024: 44(2), pp.153–164.

Online, DOI: Kitajima, T.S., Kawashima, S.A., and Watanabe, Y. The conserved kinetochore protein shugoshin protects centromeric cohesion during meiosis. Nature, 2004: 427(6974), pp. 510–517, doi: 101038/nature02312.

Online, URL: Kapur, V.K. Obstructive sleep apnea: diagnosis, epidemiology, and economics, Respir Care, 2010: 55(9), pp. 1155–1167, http://www.rcjournal.com/contents/09.10/09.10.1155 .pdf, Accessed August 23, 2024.